Using Accelerated Learning Approach in teaching English; teaching Essay

Using Accelerated Learning Approach in teaching English; teaching foreign elementary students how to write good grammatical sentences - Essay Example The accelerated learning techniques include â€Å"relaxation and concentration techniques (such as those originally part of Suggestopedia)† that â€Å"can greatly alleviate stress and fatigue and improve student’s confidence, concentration and memorization capabilities† (Bancroft, 1995). Bancroft identified the techniques that are found to be effective; relaxation and visualization exercises, TPR strategies, choral chanting and role-playing for regular language classes and listening to relaxation tapes, specially prepared vocabulary tape for home study. All these exercises involves preliminary trainings such as â€Å"physical and mental exercises, breathing exercises, outer and inner concentration (or visualization) exercises, the Sophrology memory training system and as adaptation of the original session in Suggestopedia† (Bancroft, 1995). The author believes that it is the student’s concentration which is in dire need of attention. With this realization, the yogic memory training elements should be incorporated into the language class whenever possible. This will be most effective is done together with elements of communication-based or language-acquisition approaches. Baenan, Yaman and Lindblad conducted study, â€Å"The Accelerated Learning Program (ALP) 2000-01: Student Participation and Effectiveness† to study the outcome of Accelerated Learning Approach in the teaching of reading and Math in Wake County Public School. The program was separately administered to grades 3-8 to K-12. For grades 3-8, the program was administered so that â€Å"95% of the WCPSS students will score at or above grade level† in reading and Mathematics (Nancy Baenan, 2002). On the other hand, â€Å"the high school program was designed to support students at risk of not meeting graduation requirements† (Nancy Baenan, 2002). The study employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses although bulk of the study is descriptive in nature. The study used

European Films & An Analysis Essay Example for Free

European Films An Analysis Essay Films are products of culture. It is a culture woven into a piece of art. Films are like mirrors reflecting certain cultures, and these cultures in turn, are also affected back by these films in which they relate to. In fact, film is considered as one great type of art because of its effectiveness in influencing its audience or film viewers. It is therefore very important to be careful of what should be shown to the viewers though films because of the possible effects that it can do to the public, a social entity that is reemerging from the film with a well-defined historical and contemporary roles and functions. This public is where the film audiences also came from and, audience, is the group where the film is appealing to, influencing them, their thoughts, their ideas and their beliefs as they see their own culture unfolds before them in front of the screen through the motion pictures. It is actually difficult to visualize an instituted and strengthened public/national identity without reinforcement between or among those who are sharing this national identity. The role of films therefore is to relay the information back to those individuals with shared identity, values, culture and many other things in â€Å"their sense of common cultural memory or mutual belonging†1 according to David Forgacs, stated in the book of Ricci. With this high sensibility to the public, more often than not, governments take some, or even much, precautions before allowing some release of films by regulating them or, sometimes, governments take advantage of the films to promote their national goals through the encouragement of some themes in them in exchange to some benefits and privileges given to filmmakers. II. Major European Nations and Their Films It is important to understand that films are generally regulated. Some institutions located in a country or region into where the film is based or created, or the culture of that region or area where the film relates to, must also be considered in the creation of that certain film. Films must also be paralleled or must be aligned with the whims of the regulatory bodies controlling them, or else they cannot be approved for public release and viewing. At present day, these regulations are apparent to some directives given by governing bodies such as the European Union (EU) in European countries. Some of the directive’s provision includes statement such as: †broadcasters reserve for European works the majority proportion of their transmission time†2. This is the general directive. Each country however has their respective ways of regulating and directing their own film industries as well as the films that are to be shown in their respective territories, both in the past and presently. In English film industry in the early eightees, before Thatcher’s intervention, it â€Å"had been generally expected that a Labour government would increase state support for film in recognition of its cultural, and not just commercial, worth† 3 (Hill 1996, 101) Another film industry that can be seen as controlled, making the art as a means to encourage national goals, is seen in the French national film industry where there are quotas as to the percentage of European and American/foreign films that may be shown to the public, and this is claimed to be in accordance with cultural preservation of European values. In Italy however, films are freer and without so much restrictions imposed upon their approval and release to the public. In the early 1920’s Soviet era, foreign films were even utilized for the purpose of its own â€Å"industrys recovery†. 4 The following section focuses on major European nations and their national film forms in depth analyses in their institutional context. This includes the English, French and Italian film industries among others. III. Selected European Films in Their Institutional Context As the Second World War approached, it was believed that the film productions in European areas were random. That was history. Today, aside from the umbrella rules of the recent EU Directive, each nation, especially the greater ones, have their own sets of rules and policies, as well as style and culture in their respective film industries. The following are major European countries/areas and how their respective film industries are with respect to institutional context/

Improving Memory Essay -- essays research papers

how to improve memory Mr. Douglas Enclosed in the following are five techniques that you may want to consider using to help you improve your memory.  Finding a reason to remember  Be selective in about what you learn  Organize your information  Mnemonics  Rehearse information through recitation First, finding a reason to remember is very important. If you have a reason to remember information you just learned, then you have a better chance of holding on to it. For example, let’s say a person has trouble with his/her multiplication tables. And the person loves to lift weights. The teacher would use the information form math and apply it to the weight lifting. Such as 5 x 5=25, and lifting five pounds five time is a total of twenty-five pounds. You see this comparison makes the student learn it better because he/she can use it in more ways than one. This technique has helped me the most when I was learning about percentages in math. I could not quiet get the ha ng of it, so the teacher applied it to how much money would one save if a $50.00 shirt was 20% off. This gave me the motivation to learn it. Second, you should be selective in what you learn. You only want to learn the main ideas and leave the supporting material alone. Doing this should make you memorize the information in a shorter amount of time. For example, if you were trying to study Biology, and there is a lot of it just remember the bold face type ...

Workplace Violence Essay -- Essays Papers

Workplace Violence â€Å"And who has not thought that the impersonal world deserves no better than to be destroyed by one fabulous sign of his displeasure?† (J. Bronowski, The Face of Violence) Workplace violence has become a concern for both public and private companies, and has prompted these companies to implement anti-violence programs. As well they should, for the Bureau of Justice Statistics shows in their Special Report on Workplace Violence, researched by Dr. Greg Warchol , that in each year for the period of 1992 – 96 more than 2.2 million residents were victims of violent acts while they were working or on duty. (BJS Special Report, July 1998, NCJ 168634) The most common violent act committed was simple assault with an estimated 1.5 million victimizations each year and then followed by an estimated yearly average of 395,000 aggravated assaults, 51,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 84,000 robberies and 1,000 homicides. A stranger to the victim committed the majority of workplace crime while less than 1% were intimates. Men were more likely to be the perpetrator and or the victim of violence. In the public arena retail workers had the highest rate of robbery and aggravated assault victimization while police and teachers were the most often victimized in the public arena. 20 % of violent incidents in the workplace involved an armed offender of which a firearm was used fewer than 10% of the time. This is that data that faces all employers in every sector and by which they must base their approach to formulate programs that will help create a safe and comfortable atmosphere for both their employees and their clients. Many of the conditions that prevail in today’s workplace seem to breed critical incidents. Among them are: 1.) Competitive pressures. Relentless global market forces demand constant changes in methods of production and workplace organization. Employees find themselves having to perform in new ways and more efficiently. In addition, privacy has been eroded by electronic surveillance on the job, drug testing and computerized performance monitoring. Abrasive co-workers or autocratic supervisors create additional stresses. The long-term consequences may be overwhelming psychological stress leading to hostility and outbursts of violent or bizarre behavior. 2.) Domestic dysfunction overspill. Family discord, domestic violence, ... ... Workplace violence as you can see, is a problem that plagues us all. With the pressure on everyone to perform, from the man in the ditch to the CEO, its know wonder were having a problem. And both the public and private sectors of business are in a mad dash to stop the violence that is happening. With all the major corporations having either an anti violence program or rules about such behavior, what is the cost to the individual? Will they have to work harder and more efficiently? Will there be more threats and intimidation to perform, to cover the cost of these programs? Or will business see an improvement in the working relations of its employees? With the right people in charge of these programs, there is hope for improvement, but only if business is serious about the problem! You see very little TV coverage of work place violence, unless it extremely violent. Even then there must be a death, or deaths to bring on the sensationalizing that TV needs. Because of this, will business wait for the coverage to demand a solution or will they head it off. When you’re at work, there’s no reason â€Å"†¦ to be destroyed by one fabulous sign of his displeasure†. Only time will tell.

Poverty is a state of mind Essay

Even though some people make millions, poverty is still a problem in today’s society. There is an increasing gap between the wealthiest and the poorest people. This is also a problem in Britain. But is poverty really a state of mind? That is the controversial statement made by freelance writer Bernard Hare who in an essay from 2012 writes about his childhood in poverty in a mining family in Leeds. As an adult, he experiences a different kind of poverty. Bernard Hare was born in 1958 into a poor mining family in Leeds, but he never felt the poverty as a child. His explanation for this is that their house was warm, the neighbors were welcoming, and that he spent a lot of time with his grandmother who lived across the street. Because he did not want to end up in poverty like his parents and also after being encouraged by his grandmother, he got into grammar school and later college. He started to get into fights at stadiums because he supported the football club, Leeds United. He was also arrested on more than one occasion. When Hare got to college, he started to drink and smoke. But he turned it around and became a successful social worker in London until he also had to provide for his father due to mining strikes. After that it all went downhill for Hare. He took drugs, drank, and sold drugs and stolen items. This changed in 1995 when he met the Shed Crew who was a group of 10 to 14 year olds living in an old shed in Hare’s old neighborhood. It put things in perspective and in 1997 he decided to become a writer because he wanted to tell the world the story about the Shed Crew. The final product was a memoir called Urban Grimshaw and the Shed Crew. Hare uses contrasts in this essay to get his point across. First of all, there is the contrast between his childhood life and his adult life and the differences between the two kinds of poverty he has experienced. Secondly, there is the contrast between the poverty he lived in as a child and the poverty he sees with the Shed Crew. Bernard Hare has lived in poverty for the most of his life, but it has been two kinds of poverty. As a child he lived in absolute poverty where there was not always food at the end of the week. His parents drank and smoked occasionally but according to himself he had a good childhood anyway. He was loved and cared for even though the means were limited. However as a young adult, he went down the wrong path which included drugs, drinking, and criminal behavior. There he experienced a different kind of poverty. In a  way, he chose to be poor. As he also says so himself, he was capable of making good money but he chose the criminal way of life. You can take the boy out of poverty, but you can’t take poverty out of the boy. (P 3 ll. 163-164) As previously said, Hare was loved as a child even though they were poor. That is the biggest difference between Hare†™s childhood and the Shed Crew’s childhood. The Shed Crew had nobody to care for them, and they had been let down by society. Nobody is there to take care of them and to make sure that they will get a decent childhood. He uses his own experiences to shed light on how horrible the Shed Crew’s childhood has been. Hare was poor in terms of money but was rich on love and supporting company – mostly from his grandmother. However, the Shed Crew is poor both in terms of money, but they are also lacking love and support from responsible adults. They are lacking both in the spiritual and the materialistic way whereas Hare’s childhood was safe and good. Throughout the entire essay, Hare uses a lot of pathos in this essay while reflecting on his life story. He shares little, happy anecdotes from his childhood which are written in a humorous way, and he tries to create a mental picture of his childhood. As the years go by, the stories get darker and darker. There is not as much humor in his teenage and adult stories as there is in the childhood stories. This shows that the childish ignorance has disappeared from his mind and that he is now more aware of what is going on around him. Hare also writes that sometimes the decisions you make can effect whether or not you end up in poverty and more importantly how sometimes your choices in life can prevent you from getting out of poverty. For instance, Hare’s grandmother, who was teetotal, said this to him because his parents drank and smoked. â€Å"You’ll never have any money if you drink or smoke† (†¦) I was becoming aware that there might be a self-inflicted element to some people’s poverty. (P 2 ll. 93-94, ll. 98-100) Is poverty really just a state of mind? The state of mind of the person in question might be a contributing factor to whether or not that person is in poverty. However, to say that it is exclusively the state of mind is an exaggeration. There are a lot of contributing elements to why people are poor and the mindset of the person could be an important factor. In some cases it is and in other cases it’s just a matter of not having enough money to live. At least, it was a question of a state of mind for Bernard Hare.

Thousand Pieces of Gold Essays

Thousand Pieces of Gold Essays Thousand Pieces of Gold Paper Thousand Pieces of Gold Paper Essay Topic: Chinatown First she lived in China with her family. Her family is poor so she fears that she is going to lose her home. When she gets sold she loses her home and her family. She wants to escape from the bandits and run back home, but she escape. Then she get? bought and sent to the united States. She still thinks her home Is back In China and she plans to gather gold and use It to buy her way back there. She meets Jim, who to free her, but he dies and that ends her hope of going back to China. The person who buys her was Hong King, and Poly lives in the back mom of his saloon. After Charlie frees Poly, they live together and she realize her home is in the United States. They marry and move to Salmon Canyon to farm. Lulu lost her home, but eventually finds one with Charlie where she can be free. Lulu loses her first home in China tragically. Lulu gets caught by the bandit leader when she runs out of her hiding place to get a basket of potatoes. The bandit leader is Chin, her old laborer. Father tries to be brave and stand up for Lulu, but Chin threatens to kill his whole family because he knows all the holding places. There begs to make him let her go, but Chin offers to pay for her. Lulu tries to persuade him to let her go, but he refuse. Then Chin calls Ouzo to bring some seeds and throw them in front of father. ? stared at her father, willing him not to pick them up. He reached out, hesitated, then looked up at Lulu, his eyes pleading for understanding. She twisted her face away, a sob strangling in her throat. Behind her, she heard him snatch the bag an d scoop up the spilled 50) Her father has to decide between his daughter and the survival of the rest of the family. It shows how she is leaving her mom. Lulu is happy with her family, but her father sells her and she loses it. She is thrown out of the house Like not family. She loses her home for two bags of seeds. She come back to the family If she really wanted too. Now that she Is sold she go back to her family, because she doses? belong to them anymore. Poly know where she belongs. Poly and Charlie are walking to the top of the hill, and when they get there and look down Poly sees that to the left is the white part of Warrens where she lives with Charlie. There they are celebrating the Fourth of July with loud music and fireworks. To the right is Chinatown where they any celebrating and are acting like it is a regular day. Remember one time a man bring a performing monkey to my village. The man divide the audience in two and give each side one end of a rope to hold. Then the monkey walk carefully back and forth between the two sides. At each end, he stop a little bit, but he cannot stay, and so he walk again until he so tired, he 178-179) Poly Is going back and forth between the Chinese and the whites. Poly lives with Charlie In the white part of Warrens, but she Is Chinese and works In Chinatown. She is stuck in the middle. She know where she belongs or where to call none. Poly has to save her own home with Charlie. Poly leads Charlie out the house because she has a surprise. They talk about the canyon and how the river is frozen. They talk about taking trips to the Hump. Then Poly says that the Hump the only place people take trips. Charlie says yes it is. Poly says that Charlie is going to Warrens to file the mining claim. She dragged away broken pine branches laden with clumps of new snow, revealing a ditch exactly four feet square and ten feet 235) She digs a ditch even though it was frozen solid. Chinese own land which means that Poly still free and still needs to be taken care of. With the mining claim Poly can own her own land, her own house and be free. She can protect her land from miners if they try to take their land. Lulu life is about making her own freedom. Lulu loses her family and her home in China. In Warrens Poly know were she belongs. Finally she realizes her home is with Charlie in Salmon Canyon. Poly is sold from her happy family and home and never allowed back. Poly is stuck between the whites and Chinese. She know were she belongs. She finds her home in Salmon Canyon with Charlie.

Quality of Life Essays

Quality of Life Essays Quality of Life Essay Quality of Life Essay In general, quality of life or also known as SOL Is Identified as a quality of an individuals daily life. This Includes his or her emotional, social and physical well beings. The factors that play a major role In the quality of life vanes based on a persons choices. This usually Includes family life, Job satisfaction, education, health and safety. A financial decision often Involves a trade-off whereby the quality of life Is decreased so that an individual can save money or the quality of life is increased when an individual spends more money. Even though there are many factors that an influence the quality of life, in this assignment however we will be focusing on four major components that we feel are most crucial and they are: health, education, income, and housing The first factor of quality of life is health. Its a logical reason whereby eating healthy foods and exercising will help maintain the physical quality of your life. However due to some economy challenges, some people cannot afford to eat healthily. Consuming fruits and vegetables are a lot healthier than consuming fast food, but they are a lot more expensive. Plus, most people with low wages cannot afford to Join a gym to exercise. By regularly vaulting doctors, It can help Individuals to be aware of their lifestyle that needs adjustments. With todays health care debate on the political hot list, the economics of health care cant be Ignored when considering the quality of life problems. Medical cares are meant for those individuals who can afford health insurance rewards or have it offered by their employers. Due to the lack of health care, it can lead to illnesses or diseases that can influence the quality of life. For example, if cancer can be detected early it can help be treated if not then t could mean death. Higher life expectancy is usually related with higher healthcare spending per individual, although many other factors such as education, lifestyles, and environmental factors can have a major affect on life expectancy. The second factor of life Is education. Education is very Important especially for young children because this Is the time when they are still young that their minds are open and teachable. Plus, Its their time of life when they view things Innocently. A well- educated and well-skilled population Is Important for a countrys economic and social ell-being. Education plays a major role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and experiences needed to participate efficiently in both society and economy. Having a good education significantly improves the chances or possibilities of finding a Job and earning enough money. Based on COED countries, 83% of people with university-level degrees have a job when compared with 55% for those with only a secondary school diploma. It is also said that lifetime earnings may also increase with each level of education. The third factor of quality of life is income. They say money Anton buy happiness however it is important when it comes to achieving higher living standards. Having a sufficient amount of Income for you and your family will help you live more comfortable. Higher economic wealth means improving the quality of health care, education and housing. According to Phosphor. Com, As Income decreased from $75,000, respondents reported decreasing happiness and Increasing sadness and stress. The data suggest that the pain of lifes misfortunes, including factor to quality of life is housing. Housing is one the most important property of peoples lives. It is one of the basic and essential needs for us human. Housing provides a place to sleep and rest where everyone can feel safe and have the privacy and comfort of their own personal space. It is a place where families are raised. Without proper shelter, people cannot meet their basic needs and participate in everyday society. The number of rooms in a house divided by the number of individuals living there, shows whether residents are living in crowded environments. Overcrowded housing can cause a negative impact on both physical and mental health, and can also affect relationships with others and the development of hillier. In addition, dense living conditions are usually a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. For this assignment we chose Australia, Turkey and Brazil. We compared each country with each other based on the quality of life (health, education, income, and housing) and we ranked them accordingly (from high to low). Australia came first ranked and then Brazil and lastly Turkey. Australia Brazil Turkey Health *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years *93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 73 years 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 75 years *60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water Education *74% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high- school degree * The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences *43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences *32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences Income The average household is 31 197 USED a ye ar The average household is low Housing 90% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 82% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 67% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. Housing: In Australia, 90% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is more than the COED average of 87%. The households on average spend 20% f their gross adjusted disposable income on keeping a roof over their satisfied with their current housing situation, which is less than the COED average of 87%. In terms of basic facilities, an estimated 93. 3% of people in Brazil live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9%. In Turkey, 67% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is much less than the COED average of 87% and the lowest level amongst COED countries. Turkey, the average home contains 1. 1 rooms per person, which is less than the COED average of 1. Rooms per person and one of the lowest rates across the COED. In terms of basic facilities, 87. 3% of people in Turkey live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9% and the lowest rate across COED countries. Education: In Australia, 74% of adults of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is close to the COED average of 75%. Also, 84% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, higher than the COED average of 82%. Australians can expect to go through 18. 8 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, more than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is higher than the COED average of 497. In Brazil, 43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much less than the COED average of 75%. Brazilian can expect to go through 16. 3 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is lower than the COED average of 497. In Turkey, 32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much lower than the COED average of 75% and the lowest rate amongst COED countries. Turkish people can expect to go through 16. 0 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years and one of the lowest in the COED. The average student in Turkey scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences, lower than the COED average of 497. Health: Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years, which is two years above the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 84 years, compared with 80 for men, a slightly smaller difference than the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 years for men. Australia also does well in terms of water quality, as 93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is higher than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 13. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, considerably lower than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy at birth in Brazil stands at Just over 73 years, which is seven years below the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 70 for men, close to the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy for women of 83 years and 77 years for men. Brazil could do better in terms of water quality, as 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is less than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO is 18. 3 micrograms per cubic meter, below the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy ears and one of the lowest across the COED. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 72 for men, a slightly smaller gender difference than the average COED gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 for men. 60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, below the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 35. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, which is considerably higher than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Income: In Australia, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is 31 197 USED a year, which is higher than the COED average of 23 938 USED. The average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at 38 482 SAID, lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. In Brazil, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED In Turkey, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth per capita is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. As a conclusion, Australia is considered to be one of the highest ranking and ranked number one happiest country in the world. And its not hard to see why because they rank tremendously well in health, civic engagement and housing. And also by the looks of other factors such as education and income, Australia is doing pretty well. As for Brazil and Turkey most of their rankings are below than the COED average but Brazil still ranked higher than Turkey in terms of education, health and housing.

An Overview of Early Childhood Education

An Overview of Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs and strategies geared toward children from birth to the age of eight. This time period is widely considered the most vulnerable and crucial stage of a persons life. Early childhood education often focuses on guiding children to learn through play. The term commonly  refers to preschool or infant/child care programs. Early Childhood Education Philosophies Learning through play is a common teaching philosophy for young children. Jean Piaget developed the PILES theme to meet the physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social needs of children. Piagets constructivist theory emphasizes hands-on educational experiences, giving children the chance to explore and manipulate objects. Children in preschool learn both academic and social-based lessons. They prepare for school by learning letters, numbers, and how to write. They also learn sharing, cooperation, taking turns, and operating within a structured environment. Scaffolding in Early Childhood Education The  scaffolding method of teaching  is to offer more structure and support when a child is learning a new concept. The child may be taught something new by employing things they already know how to do. As in a scaffold that supports a building project, these supports can then be removed as the child learns the skill. This method is meant to build confidence while learning. Early Childhood Education Careers Careers in early childhood and education include: Preschool Teacher: These teachers work with children ages three to five who are not yet in kindergarten. The educational requirements vary by state. Some require only a high school diploma and a certification, while others require a four-year degree.Kindergarten Teacher: This position may be with a public or private school and may require a degree and certification, depending on the state.Teacher for First, Second, and Third Grades: These elementary school positions are considered to be part of early childhood education. They teach a full range basic academic subjects to a class rather than specializing. A bachelors degree is required and a certification may be needed, depending on the state.Teacher Assistant or Paraeducator: The assistant works in the classroom under the direction of the lead teacher. Often they work with one or more students at a time. This position often does not require a degree.Childcare Worker: Nannies, babysitters, and workers at childcare centers usually perf orm basic duties such as feeding and bathing in addition to play and activities that may be mentally stimulating. An associates degree in early childhood development or a credential may result in a higher salary. Childcare Center Administrator: The director of a childcare facility may be required by a state to have a bachelors degree in Early Childhood Education or a certification in Child Development. This position trains and supervises the staff as well as performing the administrative duties of the facility.Special Education Teacher: This position often requires additional certification beyond that for a teacher. The special education teacher would work with children who have special needs, including mental, physical, and emotional challenges.

Physics2proj1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physics2proj1 - Essay Example Check the instructions in the online course for more information. **If you choose to use your word processing, you may use the equation editor feature or drawing tools in your word processing to complete your project. Please be aware that you are responsible for learning to use these tools and for completing ALL parts of your project prior to submission.** **If you would rather print your project and write your answers by hand, you may still submit it electronically by scanning the pages into either .pdf (Portable Document Format), or .doc format (as an MS Word document). If you scan your project as images, embed them in a Word document in.gif image format—using .gif images that are smaller than 8 x 10 inches, or 600 x 800 pixels, will help ensure that the project is small enough to upload. Remember that a file that is larger than 5,000 K will NOT go through the online system. Make sure your pages are legible before you upload them.** You know from your studies in Unit 1 that it takes energy to warm an object, more energy to convert it to a liquid (melt) and even more energy to convert it to a gas (boil) it. As seen in Figure 23.12 in your textbook, a graph of the change in temperature as a function of energy added has a characteristic â€Å"stair-step† appearance. In this lab you will be generating a phase change diagram as you convert ice to water and finally to steam. Part B: Measure the amount of time it takes the water to start boiling and determine the temperature at which boiling occurs (remember that the higher your altitude, the lower your boiling temperature). Part D: Calculate the amount of energy added in each step (warming ice, melting ice, warming water, boiling water, warming steam) using the accepted values for the specific heat of water, latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization. 1. Obtain approximately one cup of ice cubes and place them in a small container in the freezer. The

Medication Adherence in Elders Research Proposal

Medication Adherence in Elders - Research Proposal Example Medical adherence has been defined by Osterberg & Blaschke, (2005) as â€Å"the extent to which patients take medications as prescribed by their health care providers†. It has been reported as a crucial factor determining the health and well being of elderly population by the World Health Organization (Chung et al., 2008). The issue has been reported to have high prevalence varying from 8-71%, 13-93% during various studies. It has been estimated to result in huge economic burden as well as high mortality (Unni, 2008). Recent evidences indicate that only 50% of the prescribed doses are actually taken by individuals diagnosed with chronic diseases. Of these patients approximately 22% take medication in quantities lesser than the amount recommended, 12% do not fill their prescription and 12% buy the medication but forego them entirely. Though race, ethnicity and age have not been reported to be a risk factor for medication non-adherence, the issue is rendered critical among elder ly patients due to the high vulnerability of this age group to chronic illnesses (Kocureck, 2009). In the light of above discussion the importance of research investigating the various aspects of the medication adherence in elderly population is highlighted. The current research aims to examine the prevalence rates of medication adherence in elderly population. Literature Review High prevalence and large economic burden of medical non adherence has led to extensive studies and investigations enabling an understanding of the issue and devising adherence strategies. However despite the prolific research conducted during the last three decades an optimal strategy is lacking and hence the prevalence rates for non adherence are still on a rise. An estimated 100 billion dollar remains the annual cost of dealing with complications such as hospitalization, disability, disease aggravation mortality etc resulting as a consequence of non adherence (Wertheimer & Santella, 2003). On the basis of causes of non-adherence two types of medication non-adherence have been identified: intentional and unintentional. While the latter has been attributed to forgetfulness or incidental causes; the former is usually reported in patients who have been taking medications but discontinue upon feeling better or worse. However later research has shown that patient’s belief is an important contributor to forgetfulness in taking medication rendering ‘forgetting to take medication’ not a purely unintentional type of non-adherence (Unni, 2008). The major obstacles to medication resulting in non-adherence include forgetfulness, different priorities, deliberate omission of doses, information deficit and certain psychological factors. While the aforementioned factors are at least partially under the control of patients, certain factors such as cost, patient lifestyle inconsistent with medication timing and complex medication regime are important contributing factors attributed to the health care provider (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005). Six patterns of medication adherence have been identified in patients with chronic diseases. First group adheres to the prescribed doses and timings fully, second is characterized by delays but with complete doses, third miss a single doses occasionally and also are inconsistent with

Ernest hemingways failed relationships during his life greatly Research Paper

Ernest hemingways failed relationships during his life greatly affected the way that he wrote about women in his stories - Research Paper Example He always associated dark and negative powers with women. He has described time and again accomplished women in his short stories; most of these characters are the fictional representatives of the women he met in his real life. His second wife, Pauline and fourth wife Mary Welsh, worked for the Vogue and the Time magazines, respectively. His mother and wives were all accomplished women, but Hemingway could not sustain his relationships with them. â€Å"Hemingway’s initial need to see each of his four wives as an ideal figure contributed to the destruction of these marriages, for no real woman could always behave as such an ideal must†¦But after each failed marriage Hemingway began again his search for the Queen of Heaven, the ideal woman, a search that he justified by nostalgic reference to the golden age of his relatively brief first marriage with Hadley Richardson†¦Hemingway’s relationships with women thus see-sawed between chivalric adoration of the supposed ideal and subsequent contempt when the woman proved other than ideal†. (Moreland, 198) He believes that women are endowed with destructive powers: the power to annihilate the physical, mental and emotional aspects of men and of society in general. Women either got this negative energy and power from their wealth or beauty. He represents women as killers, bitches, cunning and manipulative beings. In ‘The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber’, Margot plays the role of a murderess that cheats on her husband unashamedly. She is drawn towards both men for different reasons: her husband, Francis because he provides her the luxuries of her life; and Wilson, the white hunter whom she thinks as very handsome and sexually attractive. She makes sexual advances on him in the presence of her husband by kissing him on his mouth, as a tribute to his bravery and skill at hunting. Earlier, her husband had behaved cowardly at shooting, and in order to insult him she admires the white

Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema Essay

Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema" analyzes postmodernism and gives a review of modernism. This is a driving force that enabled humans to improvise and structure their environment according to their necessities. Modernism has revolutionized each and every aspect of human being. This melioration in environment was a direct consequence of science and technology. Modernism can be best described as a movement, an optimistic movement that covers the cultural and artistic domains. This movement had come into effect in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth centuries. Modernism is a renaissance for art, architecture, music, literature, applied sciences, philosophy and so on. Modernism influenced people to substitute the existing system with an intention of achieving progress at a rapid pace that could not be achieved by the traditional means. Modernism is retrospection in arts, sciences and music in order to add a new flavor, another dimension for th e existing thought and facts. In this period the modernist thinkers rejected the traditional forms of arts and treated them as being outdated and old fashioned. The years 1890-1910 mark the beginning of modernism. A strange way of thinking crept in the minds of people who discouraged revising past knowledge for present day applications but they preferred having an entirely new set of rules that decide. Art, physics, Industrialization and social sciences had major backbone changes that challenged the traditional methods.

Fashion as Material Cultur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion as Material Cultur - Essay Example The essay "Fashion as Material Culture" discovers the different kinds of value about clothes. Clothing fulfils its dualistic value differently. One of its main expressions as an agent and depiction of change is the concept of fashion. Clothing is at times a substantiation of change and at times a beginning of change. It is at times a way of establishing the conditions and nature of political dispute and at times a way of making an agreement. It is at times a tool of attempted dominance and at times an arsenal of opposition and disapproval. In this dualistic value, clothing functions as a communicative tool by which social change is considered, suggested, instigated, implemented, and rejected. Its analysis enables one to see the communicative part of material culture in its most revolutionary creative form. Basically, earlier research on clothing discloses the aspects of culture that can be explored in the clothing’s material culture. Cultural norms, forms, ideals, mechanisms, history, everyday communication, and social distance are all available to the scholar of material culture by means of research on clothing. The theory of the evolution of fashion appears distinct in the 21st century than in previous periods, yet so as to make sense of its current expression it may be useful to have a wide-ranging discussion of the history of the topic. Just like what Appadurai (1986) argued, â€Å"The commodity is not one kind of thing rather than another, but one phase in the life of some things.

Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema Essay

Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism in the Arts, Architecture and Cinema" analyzes postmodernism and gives a review of modernism. This is a driving force that enabled humans to improvise and structure their environment according to their necessities. Modernism has revolutionized each and every aspect of human being. This melioration in environment was a direct consequence of science and technology. Modernism can be best described as a movement, an optimistic movement that covers the cultural and artistic domains. This movement had come into effect in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth centuries. Modernism is a renaissance for art, architecture, music, literature, applied sciences, philosophy and so on. Modernism influenced people to substitute the existing system with an intention of achieving progress at a rapid pace that could not be achieved by the traditional means. Modernism is retrospection in arts, sciences and music in order to add a new flavor, another dimension for th e existing thought and facts. In this period the modernist thinkers rejected the traditional forms of arts and treated them as being outdated and old fashioned. The years 1890-1910 mark the beginning of modernism. A strange way of thinking crept in the minds of people who discouraged revising past knowledge for present day applications but they preferred having an entirely new set of rules that decide. Art, physics, Industrialization and social sciences had major backbone changes that challenged the traditional methods.

Globalization and Global Strategic Planning SLP 1 (401) Essay - 1

Globalization and Global Strategic Planning SLP 1 (401) - Essay Example The company’s retail division (called Primark in UK and Penney’s in Ireland) has a global presence with over 215 stores covering a total area of 6.9 million square feet (ABF, 2010). The retail division’s outlets are located in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK (ABF, 2010). In 1963, the company acquired the British supermarket giant, Fine Fare which it sold later in 1986 in order to acquire British sugar (ABF, 2010). As of 2009, British Sugar fulfills the sugar (ABF, 2010). The company provides employment to more than 97,000 people and operates in more than 44 countries (ABF, 2010)The Company’s profits by geographic region are such that the company derives 53% of its profits from U.K and rest from international sales. Amongst the international regions it targets are Europe , Africa, America and Asia Pacific with Europe and Africa contributing the most and Asia Pacific contributing the least (ABF, 2010). The mode of market entry employed by ABF has been diversification of both products and markets (Whittington & Mayer, 2002). It has been observed at times, that diversification into new markets has been the result of product diversification; that is, the company has entered into new markets simply because those markets had demand for the product that the company had newly introduced. This was the case with sugar. ABF diversified into the food business because of its intention to provide one-stop convenience shopping to customers; the company had realized that customer buying habits and trends were changing (Whittington & Mayer, 2002). One of the most important reasons however was the instability of earnings from sugar sector due to its seasonal nature, coupled with the anticipated EU reform (Bertin, 2002). By the early 1900’s, ABF diversified into the tea and coffee segment (through acquisition of Twinings and Jackson), the biscuits and chips bread business (through acquisition of Burtons

Acoustics and You Essay Example for Free

Acoustics and You Essay The article is about waves; it clearly points out the importance of wave particles and energy to the survival of life on the planet with respect to the importance of sound waves; it includes the various applications to which sound waves have been put to use by man. The first and most important is communication, sound waves form the basis of our daily human interactions without which man would be reduced to mere inanimate objects strangulated in the wilderness of oblivion. The emphasis is on acoustics, the science of sound waves in relation to speech and hearing, engineering, physical acoustic and noise. The article spells out the areas of life where acoustics is applicable. It details the use of this science as a career to make a living. An understanding of these applications is an eye-opener to the opportunities that lie latent in this field. Indeed, one can make a fortune from such a carefully-thought out career. The points are well outlined by the author; his thoughts are simply and logically arranged in such a way that it is easy to understand for everyone. The presentation is really good. REFERENCES Acoustics and You. Accessed from http://nature. skku. ac. kr/~acoustic/acou-and-you. h

Protection of Biometric Templates

Protection of Biometric Templates Protection of Biometric Templates Stored on an Authentication Card by Salting the Templates Problem Statement The proposed research addresses the problem of protection of biometric data stored on templates using a system-on-card approach for smart cards by proposing a method to salt the templates. Research Statement This research proposes a robust and resilient method to salt the templates stored and matched on-card. It prepares a salt using a fingerprint template of a randomly chosen finger, the serial number of authentication card and a system generated random PIN. The salt is used to encrypt the templates of different fingerprint templates created and stored on card. During authentication, a template of the finger chosen randomly to prepare the salt during the enrollment phase is obtained and a PIN is provided by user. These two inputs along with the serial number of card is used to prepare the salt and again encrypt the live template provided by user for authentication. Once, the stored encrypted template and the created encrypted template matches, the user can be considered genuine and granted access further. This method is implemented on system-on-card smart cards to provide users more security and privacy. Abstract This research proposes to provide a secure method to prepare salt for encryption of templates stored on the authentication card using what I am, what I have and what I know which is highly resistant to known attacks against match on card technology. The user will be provided with a Java card with an embedded fingerprint reader on the card. The user has to provide a fingerprint which will be captured by reader embedded on-card and this fingerprint will be used to prepare salt along with serial number of Java card and a 4-digit PIN input by user. The salt will be prepared to encrypt the live template of another fingerprint chosen randomly by system, generated by the system on Java card. The encrypted live template and the stored salted template will be compared to establish if the user is genuine or not. The user will be authenticated based on the values of decision if it passes a certain threshold value. Resources The resources we intend to use to complete this research is Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, Research Gate. Connection to the courses of the MISSM Program Various courses of MISSM program are linked to the proposed research as described below: Cryptography: The basics of Biometrics and JAVA card technology, using challenge and response for any type of environment such as banking, high-security settings etc. Also, RSA certificates for web authentication during communication with server. Security policies: Different policies and standards governing the management of biometric data i.e. ISO/IEC standards etc. Also, different policies that can be implemented to ensure sound use of proposed method. Governance Risk and Control: Considering the advantage of defense-in-depth concept by adding an additional layer of security for the notion of risk management in physical access authentication /security. Review of related research The research related to this proposal contains the discussion of match-on card and system-on-card approach and how system-on-card technology provides additional security and privacy to user. The review is divided into four section as described below: Fingerprint Authentication Systems Biometrics are automated methods of establishing a persons identity based on his/her physical or behavioral characteristics [1]. There are various physical characteristics that can be used for authentication system such as iris, fingerprint, palmprint, hand vein pattern etc. For each biometric authentication system, a biometric is chosen based on various factors such as Universality, Uniqueness, Accuracy, Maturity, Durability as described in Smart Cards and Biometrics [2]. Fingerprints is most widely used from the date of origin of biometrics. The following matrix table clearly shows that fingerprint is most suitable biometric trait that can be used. Fig 1. Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Biometrics [2] Like any other authentication system, fingerprint authentication system also consists of four basic fundamental components Input mechanism, Matching methodologies, Decision making procedures and database of biometric information. A conventional biometric authentication system consists of two phases: Enrollment and Verification as explained in Fig 2 [3]. Fig 2. Framework for Fingerprint Authentication System [3] During Enrollment phase, user is asked to input a fingerprint. Different features are extracted from this fingerprint and a template is created by a one-way function that transforms the features extracted into a mathematical form using different functions. This template is stored in a database which is used during second phase of authentication i.e. Verification. During Verification phase, user is again asked to provide fingerprint. Again a template called live template from the input fingerprint is generated and then the stored template in database and live template are compared to authenticate the user as genuine or not. The proposed research focus on template protection algorithm to protect the biometric template (or reference) before storing them in database. Templates are generated by extracting specific features from a biometric trait (in this case it is fingerprint) of user. The template is a short hand description [12] which provides essential information about the original fingerprint. Templates can be stored in database as such without passing them through any protection algorithm, which will save time and less resources are required for whole process. But unprotected templates are very serious threat to the integrity of whole fingerprint authentication system (or any biometric authentication system). Also, the template can be easily manipulated and is used for speed of comparison. As demonstrated by Ross et. al. in [13] that information can be extracted out of the template and original fingerprint can be regenerated.ÂÂ   In their paper, three level of information was obtained from the minutiae template of fingerprint. The information about orientation field, fingerprint class and friction ridge structure was extracted out and based on that information the fingerprint was synthesized again. It proves the notion that getting original fingerprint from the template is nearly impossible to be untrue. Hence, the protection of template is very crucial and cannot be ignored. Fingerprint templates are generated from specific features of the fingerprint input by user. Fingerprint template includes information for each minutiae point, such are position of the point on an XY-axis, distance of one minutia from all others or gradient information of each minutia. Gradient information gives the slope of the line segment extending from minutia being described [12] as shown in fig. All this information for each minutia of a finger makes a fingerprint template for a finger. Similarly, template for each finger can be constructed and stored in database. Templates can be a two dimensional matrix in which rows represents each minutia and column represents different type of information about that minutia. Examples of standardized and widely used template formats are ANSI INCITS 378-2004 and ISO/IEC 19794-2. ANSI INCITS 378-2004 template format consist of three standards for fingerprint data interchange which are as follows: ANSI INCITS 377-2004 Finger Pattern Data Interchange Format This standard defines the content, format and units of measurement for the exchange of finger image data that may be used in the verification or identification process of a subject [14]. It exchanges unprocessed image of fingerprint. This standard is used where there is no limit on the resources such as storage and transmission time. ANSI INCITS 378-2004 Finger Minutiae Format For Data Interchange The Finger Minutiae Format for Data Interchange standard specifies a method of creating biometric templates of fingerprint minutiae, such as ridge endings and bifurcations [14]. The structure of minutia data format is defined in the figure below. The extended data blocks contain additional information about the minutia. Fig Structure Minutia Data Format extracted out from [14]. ANSI INCITS 381-2004 Finger Image-Based Data Interchange Format The Finger Pattern Based Interchange Format standard specifies a method of creating biometric templates of fingerprint biometric information using ridge pattern measurements found in fingerprints. The fingerprint image is reduced and then grouped into small cells of 5*5 pixels. Then these cells are analyzed separately [14]. The template generated may be used for two principal purposes [14] which are identification and verification. In both cases a live template is generated from fingerprint input by user is compared with the template stored in database. The chances of these two templates being an exact match is very small because of dirt, injury or poor quality of fingerprint itself [14]. Therefore, a threshold value is specified which is called a correlation coefficient [14]. The value of this coefficient must be set particular to the application. This is because, if this value is high then there a high chance of FRR and if this value is low, then there is high chance of FAR. Examples of application of fingerprint authentication system are law enforcement for identification of criminals, airports to provide rapid services to a high number of passengers etc. In a conventional fingerprint authentication system, there are various points of attack as identified by Ratha et. al. [4] which can be exploited by an adversary as seen in Fig 3 [5]. Different attacks that can be performed on these points can be grouped into four categories [5]: Attacks at user interface: These types of attacks use fake finger made of gelatin or latex and fabricated fingerprint is given as input to reader device that captures the fingerprint. These types of attacks can be mitigated by developing hardware and software solutions more sensitive to the liveness of the fingerprint. Attacks at interfaces between modules: Different modules of fingerprint authentication systems communicate with each other. For example, fingerprint reader sends the fingerprint image to feature extractor module (Fig 3) through a communication channel. And if, this channel is not secured physically or cryptographically [5] then the data can be intercepted and attacker can get access to the original fingerprint. Another attack that can be performed is to launch replay or hill- climbing attacks [5]. Attacks on the modules: An adversary can attack either the communication channel or the modules itself. If the channel is secured using cryptographic measures that does not secure the entire authentication system. An attacker can execute various attacks to take possession of modules and force them to work according to his/her will and intentions. This can cause system to deny even the legitimate user and allow illegitimate user by feeding wrong input or modifying the decision. Attacks on the template database: The templates stored in database can be attacked and is one of the most potentially damaging attack [5]. These attacks can be performed either to modify the templates or retrieve the original fingerprint. Fig 3. Points of attack in a generic biometric authentication system [5] All these attacks can compromise the authentication system and present a threat to access privileges of sensitive data or location. Some of the attacks that can be performed and described in figure above include presenting synthetic finger made from either silicone or gelatin. This synthetic finger has a fingerprint printed on the side facing the sensor. Then this fake finger is used to give system input. This attack can be countered by improving the liveness detection of the hardware as well as software as described in [15]. Replay of old data can be mitigated by limiting the number of attempts an individual can make before permanently locking out the person from the system. Communication channel which is used to transmit template from database to matcher module can be intercepted and template can be obtained while in transit. So, additional security measures are needed to be taken such as establishing encrypted channels which is again an overhead. If the template is modified in tra nsit, then attacker can perform DoS attack and prevent genuine user from getting access to the system. Similarly, if the final decision can be modified and allows the foster to enter into system. Also, if the matcher is overridden by attacker then the decision of the matching is compromised without any doubt and hence, the whole system is compromised. Smart Card Smart cards are also called Integrated Circuits Card (ICC) in ISO/IEC 7816 standard. These types of cards are made of plastic with a metallic chip inside it. There are two types of chips as described in [11] which are memory chips and microprocessor chips. Memory chips consists of control logic [11] and are used for storage purposes. These chips are used to store data only. Whereas, microprocessor chips have a programmable processing unit along with a calculation unit and little storage to carry put various operations. A plastic card with microprocessor chip is called smart card [11]. These type of cards can be used for various purposes such as payment, authentication, document storage, portable files storage etc. For different applications of the smart card require different operations to be performed by CPU embedded in the chip. CPU of the smart cards require power to carry out the operations which is the reason that a card reader device is necessary component of the authentication system. The smart card and card reader terminal communicates with each other to transfer data. Terminal requires different information and responses from the card to carry out the desired operations. To get required service, terminal sends a request to the card which is received by on-card application and executes the operations as requested and provide terminal with responses. The communication between the card and the terminal is protected by establishing a secure channel. Also, different cryptographic algorithms are used for protection of information transmitted between terminal and the card. These algorithms are processed using the calculation unit embedded in the microprocessor chip. The secure channel is established using cryptographic protocols. The transmission occurs similar to communication using OSI reference model [11]. The transmission of data between card and the reader takes place in units called APDU (Application Protocol Data Unit). There are two types of APDUs which are categorized as command APDUs and response APDUs.ÂÂ   ISO/IEC 7816-4 defines a command set consisting of various commands (some are mandatory and others are optional) for development of the applications by different industries. The basic idea behind this approach is that an application developed by any vendor will be compatible with the chip card. Structure of APDU can be found in Appendix. Smart cards have card managers to administer and manage all the card system services [12] and operations. It can be viewed as an entity that provides functions very similar to runtime environment of card, represents the card issuer and verifies the users identity. It can also be seen as three different entities as described in GlobalPlatform Card Specification 2.1.1, as follows: The GlobalPlatform Environment The Issuer Security Domain The Cardholder Verification Methods Issuer Security Domain can be considered as entity representing card issuer on-card. It consists of data that shall be stored on-card as listed below [12]: Sr, No, Name (Tag of ISO/IEC 7816) Description a. Issuer Identification Number (Tag 42) Maps the card to a particular card management system. It is of variable length. b. Card Image Number (Tag 45) Used by card management system to identify the card among its database. Also, has variable length. c. Card Recognition Data Provides information about the card before communication starts between card and card management system. It is contained in Directory Discretionary Template (Tag 73) d. On-card key Information Different keys are stored in persistent memory of card. Key consists of various attributes such as key identifier, key version number, associated cryptographic algorithm and key length. All key components associated with an entity (e.g. symmetric and asymmetric key are two different entities) has same key identifier Keys are managed by Issuer Security Domain These data in Issuer Security Domain can be accessed using GET DATA command. Fingerprint Match-on-card and Fingerprint System-on-card In a conventional biometric authentication system, a template generated during verification is sent to server where it is matched with the stored template in database. Live template must be protected against attacks while in transit to server. Even though templates are results of one-way function but original fingerprint image can still be prepared using different attacks. To address the problem of template compromise in transit, modules of biometric authentication systems described in Fig 3 can be grouped together. These types of groupings can be used to counter the attacks described above. In the article Encyclopedia of Biometric, Chen Tai Pang, Yau Wei Yun, Jiang Xudong and Mui keng Terrence explained four different types of approaches that can be taken to group the modules and placing grouped components of authentication system on an authentication card (which is also called a smart card) such as Java card. These approaches are a) Template on-card b) Match-on-card c) Work sharing on-card d) System-on-card This research focuses on limitations of Match-on-card approach and features of System-on-card approach that overcome these limitations. These approaches are described below. Also, the limitations and how they affect the integrity of biometric authentication system is also defined. Match-on-card is defined as the process of performing comparison and decision making on an integrated circuit (IC) card or smartcard where the biometric reference data is retained on-card to enhance security and privacy [6]. During enrollment, the template generated from the fingerprint is stored on the secure area of cards storage. To accomplish on-card matching, live template is generated after capturing and feature extraction of fingerprint of user using an interface device. This live template is uploaded to the card for verification process. On-card matching follows the same process flow as defined in fig 4 but with Matcher and Database module that has stored template on-card. Matching function executes on- card rather than on a server. This solves the problem of attack on interfaces of modules described above. Fig 3 explains match-on-card process for biometric verification [6]. Fig 4. On-card matching process [6] User inputs his/her fingerprint using Biometric terminal. Features are extracted from the input and a live template (or here its called query template) is generated. This query template is generated off-card but sent to card for matching. Cards matcher module retrieves the stored template from the secure storage area of card and compare two templates. This comparison result is handed over to on-card application and thus, original template and the result always resides on the card. Dotted line represents the application firewall that restricts the access of application to matching module [6]. Attacks on interfaces between modules also stems to attacks on database in which templates are stored. If the interfaces or the communication channel is compromised, then the data travelling among different modules can also be compromised. If not intercepted, at least modification can be performed to execute DoS attack for a legitimate user. To deal with this limitation, system-on-card approach can be used. System-on-card means the whole biometric verification process, including the acquisition, is performed on the smartcard. The smartcard incorporates the entire biometric sensor, with processor and algorithm [6]. Fig 5. System-on-card Technology [6] Smartcard equipped with fingerprint reader is inserted into an interface device which provides time and power to card. Then user is asked to provide his/her fingerprint which is captured by the fingerprint reader on-card. Different features are extracted out from the fingerprint and different incorporated algorithms on-card [6] transforms that input into a mathematical form (template). The template is stored in secure area of cards storage. The whole process takes place on-card providing more security and privacy to user. System-on-card is more secure because the template stored and query template is always present on-card and only the result is sent to host-side application. Template Security This research focus on the security of the template before storing it in database. Fingerprint of an individual is very unique. It makes it an ideal factor for authentication systems. No two persons can have same fingerprints providing high security, privacy and integrity to authentication systems using fingerprint. Even though this makes the biometrics strong among all other factors of authentication but it also is its weakest point. Unlike any other computational algorithms, biometric information of a person is unique and once compromised, cannot be recreated. It makes the protection of templates very crucial to protect the integrity of biometric authentication systems. Two approaches can be considered to secure the templates. Either, a) database can be protected against different attacks by implementing various security measures such as firewalls or b) templates can itself be protected against attacks so that even if the database is compromised, original fingerprint can still be protected. Since, the template itself is very specific information which makes it quite useless for attacker to get original fingerprint image from template. But it is still possible to create original fingerprint using the algorithm defined in [13]. According to ISO/IEC 24745 [7] standard, all the Biometric Template Protection Systems must fulfill three main requirements: Noninvertibility: It should very difficult to retrieve the original template from the final protected template reference stored in database. The noninvertibility prevents the abuse of stored biometric data for launching spoof or replay attacks, thereby improving the security of the biometric system [3]. Revocability: It should be computationally difficult to obtain the original biometric template from multiple instances of protected biometric reference derived from the same biometric trait of an individual [3]. It makes it possible for issuer to issue a new template to user in case of a compromise, without bothering about the probability of success for an attacker using the old template. Nonlinkability: It should be tough to establish relationship among different instances of templates derived from same biometric characteristic of user. The nonlinkability property prevents cross-matching across different applications, thereby preserving the privacy of the individual [3]. Methods for Biometric Template Protection As described by Anil K. Jain, Karthik Nandakumar and Abhishek Nagar in their article Biometric Template Security [8], Template protection schemes can be categorized into two main groups viz. feature transformation and biometric cryptosystem as shown in fig 6. Fig 6. Template Protection approaches [8] In feature transformation, a feature transformation function is applied to the biometric template [8]. The new template generated after feature transformations is stored in database rather than the template generated after feature extraction. This transformation provides more security because it makes the template more random and make it almost impossible for attacker to guess the original template and hence more difficult to obtain original fingerprint image. Two methods for feature transformation are: Salting and Nonivertible transform. Salting: It is also called biohashing. In this approach a biometric template (fingerprint template, here) is taken as input and a mathematical function is applied defined by a specific key. A token number or a key is used to increase the entropy of the template and so makes the template difficult for attacker to guess [2]. Salting is the name given because the key used in this method is called salt to protect the template. This approach is invertible which means using the key, original template can be obtained from transformed template. Transformation function that satisfy the requirements of this approach can be designed. Noninvertible Transform: This approach is similar to previous one i.e. salting with a little difference that this method is invertible which means a transformed template is very difficult to invert to original template. Non-invertible transform refers to a one-way function that is easy to compute but hard to invert [8]. Hence, more security is provided in this approach because if the key is known to attacker, he/she still cannot retrieve original template. Comparing these two approaches based on the description above, non-invertible transform seems an obvious choice for security. But thats not true. This is so because, salting in invertible but it supports revocability property of biometric template protection. It means if a key is leaked and transformed template is accessible to attacker then the template can be easily replaced using a new key. Also, key usage causes low FAR. Whereas, non-invertible transform presents a tradeoff between discriminability and non-invertibility [8]. It means the transformed template using different features of same user should be same but different from another user along with fulfilling noninvertible property. It is difficult to design such transformation function [8]. Salting is done using a specific key or token. Any key or token used for salting is secure Description of Proposed Research Considering the above knowledge, the research will focus on a method to protect the template stored on card. The proposed method will protect biometric template stored on card by salting the template. The research will focus mainly on the proposed method of salting the template. Also, other elements as required will be included in the research to propose a robust and secure system that use the method for salting. It is assumed that enrollment phase is done in a secure environment and verification phase can be done in an untrusted zone. The research will look deep into the method to develop a more random and strong salt for biometric template protection. System-on-card approach will be used because of the privacy and security level provided is maximum as shown in Fig 7. All the computation and execution is done on card and the terminal is only sent the final YES/NO to grant access to user. The method uses following elements: Authentication card with fingerprint reader embedded on card Various Templates Random Number Generator Serial Number of Java Card PIN Cryptographic Certificates using RSA asymmetric key cryptography Counter The proposed method uses three fundamental components of biometric authentication system: Who am I (Live Template) What I have (Authentication Card) What I know (PIN) These three components are not only used for authentication of a user but also for salting the template stored on card. At the time of enrollment, Java card with fingerprint reader is inserted into the terminal (to provide power and time to card). User is asked to input fingerprint (who I am) of a finger chosen randomly by system. Then the system generates salt using serial number of Java card (what I have) and randomly generated 4-digit PIN (what I know). User has to remember this PIN for verification as it will be forgotten forever after enrollment process is finished. Salt prepared by combining three components is then used to encrypt the templates to be stored on the card. Fig 7. Java card with fingerprint reader Salt prepared can be written in a generalized form as: Salt = Serial number of authentication card + Template of fingerprint from a finger chosen randomly + Randomly generated PIN by enrollment system. During verification, the users inserts the card into terminal and has to provide: Fingerprint used during enrollment phase to prepare salt 4-digit PIN Using these inputs and the serial number stored on the chip of Java card, the salt is prepared again. Then user is asked again to provide fingerprint of a randomly chosen finger by system. A query template is generated again and is salted using the salt prepared. Then two salted templates are compared, and if decision pass the threshold value then user can be considered authentic and the decision is sent to server through terminal to grant user access. Certificated signed with digital signatures using RSA asymmetric encryption (using 4096 bits) are used for communicating the decision with server. Each time a decision is sent to server, counter on server increments by 1, if the user fails to authenticate otherwise resets to zero. If the counter reaches 4 (user fails to authenticate itself 4 times consecutively) then the Java card is blocked and requires reset by issuing body. Performing all the activities (from reading fingerprint to decision making) on-card, provides highest security, little privacy concern, interoperability, scalability and mobility [9]. To summarize the whole process, it can

sleeping poll :: essays research papers

Many people have a hard time sleep sleeping, about two in five surveyed in this article are sleepy during the day that it causes them to nod off or interferes with work and activities during that day. Julia Sommerfeld, who wrote the article, "Poll paints portrait of a sleepy nation." Shows how if people got a little more sleep, it can stop a lot of little mistake that happen in everyday life. From getting impatient with the kids, overeating, and making mistakes at the work. These are all probably people have from not getting enough rest at night. The survey illustrates how being sleepy during the day it interferes with their activities during the day at least a couple of times a month. Sommerfeld explains about an additionally 58 percent report a few symptoms of insomnia. This is having problems falling asleep, waking up during the night , waking up too early and not being able to get back to sleep and unrefreshed when you are waking up. Because of these problems are reaching for sleeping pills or thing to help you sleep. So to improve a person activites during the day you will need sleep to improve your life and the life around you. Many people have a hard time sleep sleeping, about two in five surveyed in this article are sleepy during the day that it causes them to nod off or interferes with work and activities during that day. Julia Sommerfeld, who wrote the article, "Poll paints portrait of a sleepy nation." Shows how if people got a little more sleep, it can stop a lot of little mistake that happen in everyday life. From getting impatient with the kids, overeating, and making mistakes at the work. These are all probably people have from not getting enough rest at night. The survey illustrates how being sleepy during the day it interferes with their activities during the day at least a couple of times a month.

Nationalism :: European Europe History

Nationalism One person or a group of people can take on a major role of the unification process that brings upon nationalism for their country. To get a better understanding of what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of "nationalism." Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. There are also different ways that a country can achieve nationalism. Two different people/organizations with two different tactics were able to achieve a feel of nationalism among their country. The first group that will be discussed is the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. Mohandas Gandhi started the second movement of nationalism, with his belief of "passive resistance." These two thoughts were opposite in how nationalism was attempted to be achieved. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), was started on Easter in 1916, when a group of Irish militants refused to wait any longer for their independence from Britain. The small group launched a revolt against British rule. Although the Easter Rising was quickly suppressed, the execution of 15 rebel leaders stirred wider support for their cause. When Britain again failed to grant home rule in 1919, civil war erupted in Ireland. Members of the IRA carried on a guerrilla war against British forces and their supporters. Civilians were often caught in the crossfire. The constant battle for Irish independence continues today with its gory display of violence. The IRA's goal was and still is today to achieve Irish nationalism by the abolition of the British political influence in Ireland, especially Northern Ireland. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. At the age of 19 he was sent to England to study law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. In his struggle against injustice, he adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance. He called it satyagraha, or "soul-force." In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and joined the Congress Party. His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds and he encouraged them to resist British rule. Above all, Gandhi preached the ancient tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence and reverence for all life. He applied this idea to fight the British rule. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.

Organizational Behaviors Analysis in ‘Ocean’s Thirteen’

The movie ‘Ocean’s Thirteen’ is a good resource for the organizational behaviors analysis. And I will focus on the ‘Teams’, ‘Leadership’ and ‘Personality’ to analysis some facts in this movie. First I will focus on the teams of Ocean’s thirteen. The team is a highly organized and efficient team. I think they perform all 3 kinds of typical tasks which include production tasks, decision-making tasks and creativity tasks. And the team is comprehensive interdependence as all its members’ work will affect each other and also affects the outcome of their whole job.And although the members of Ocean’s thirteen include people with different race, ethnicity, age, personality, interests, knowledge, skills and abilities, but they have similar core value. And although they have a great chance to have relational conflict which may cause a very bad result, they surprisingly get along with each other and easily cooperate with each other. Here are some examples about Ocean thirteen’s teamwork. The team of Ocean’s thirteen has 2 plans.The first plan was to prevent the Bank’s hotel from winning the prestigious ‘Five Diamond Rating Prize’ and the second plan was to rig the casino’s slot machines and other games’ machines in the casino to let the players win more than $500 million in total across the casino in order to force Willy Bank to give up the control of that casino to the board. For their first plan, Saul acted as the fake reviewer for ‘Five Diamond Rating Prize’ and they bribed an ambitious concierge called Debbie to treat the real reviewer badly and led the real reviewer into a room that other 2 members of Ocean’s thirteen had already sabotaged.And they also gave money to a waiter to let that waiter tell the real reviewer that he could not enjoy a meal at an Italian restaurant which was actually empty at that time because he d id not reserve for a seat. And that waiter also advised the real reviewer to go to a Chinese-Sichuan restaurant called ‘Ling Su’. And then the real reviewer got the food which was changed by a member of Ocean’s thirteen and that food made him vomit in his hotel room later.And he found that there were a lot of small insects on his room’s bed sheets, so he was very angry of it and gave a very bad evaluation to that hotel for the ‘Five Diamond Rating Prize’. For their second plan, the members of Ocean’s thirteen work in the positions that they are good at. Denny Ocean commanded the overall situation and coordinated with different parties. Rusty played as a fake seismologist in order to convince Willy to put a ‘standard torsion seismograph’ equipment, which was actually a surveillance machine for the Ocean’s thirteen, on his office’s desk to register for the foreshock of an earthquake.Turk went to Mexico to deal w ith the strike of the factories that provided the dices and other casino appliances the Ocean’s thirteen used to cheat that casino later. Basher worked as a person to create ‘earthquake’ in the casino. Yen first acted as a Chinese super-high roller to get access to the central room of the hotel and then walked into the shafts from that room. Frank and Saul worked together to let Willy use the ‘Nuff Said’ at center of that casino. And Linus seduced Sponder in order to get into the room where Willy hided diamonds.And Virgil voluntarily asked to handle the task of hacking the casino’s computer after the original hacker Livingston was caught by a federal agent. And there are also many other facts that I am not going to list in detail show the highly cooperation in the team of Ocean’s thirteen. Secondly, I will talk about the leadership in Ocean’s thirteen. As the main leader of Ocean’s thirteen is Danny Ocean, I will focus on the leadership and personality of Danny Ocean. Danny Ocean is a great leader.He has a personality of conscientiousness and extraversion. He is knowledgeable, dependable, organized, reliable, hardworking, persevering, sociable and passionate. And he has great ability of summarizing other people’s ideas and drawing a final decision that combines the advantages from other people’s ideas. He also has great emotional intelligence. He has the ability to recognize and understand the emotions other people are feeling and the ability to control his feelings and quickly recover from some serious emotional experience.As a result, he can harness those emotions and use those emotions to improve his chances in leading the Ocean’s thirteen to successfully complete several tough tasks. In addition, he processes the consultative type of leadership. And he has transformational leadership. He mostly uses initiating structure leadership behaviors to make sure that every member of O cean’s thirteen to try their best to do the job as well as using consideration leadership behaviors by creating relationships with mutual trust, respect and consideration of feelings of other Ocean’s thirteen members.So he is able to make every member of Ocean’s thirteen to have a good mood at work and let the work efficiencies of Ocean’s thirteen remain high all the time. In brief, combining with the plots of other 2 movies ‘Ocean’s Eleven’ and â€Å"Ocean’s Twelve’, I think Danny Ocean is the main reason that Ocean’s members had a great performance in every major task they take. At last, I’d like to talk the personality of some roles in this movie. I have already talked about the personality of Danny Ocean’s personality in the previous paragraph.And I will focus on 2 people with entirely different personality – Reuben and Willy. Reuben has a personality of agreeableness. He is kind, cooperat ive, warm and loyal to his friends. So when he was destroyed by Willy, his loyal band of friends quickly got together and began to get revenge for Reuben, even to work with their enemy – Terry Benedict. In the other hand, Willy has a personality of Neuroticism and Extraversion. He is moody, insecure, jealous, unstable, assertive, dominant, greedy and sinister.He is a typical villain with no mercy and extremely low moral awareness. His employees were afraid of him and his partners hated him. So even though he had done a really good job in operating his previous hotels, many members of the broad of his new hotel still did not like him and many employees of him easily betrayed him by cooperating with Ocean’s thirteen. To sum up, the ‘Ocean’s Thirteen’ is really a great movie. And I also have a better understanding of the things I’ve learnt from Organizational Behavior course by watching this movie.

Pre-Spanish Philippines

Philippine literature in Spanish Period. Spanish occupied Philippinesin early 15th  century. The First Filipino alphabet is Alibata – when Spanish colonized Philippinesthey changed alibatas into Roman alphabet. Spanish banned the used of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of evil. So Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many Spanish terms. The European literature was brought by the Spaniards and are assimilated in Filipino song and indigeneous themes.The early printing press in the Philippine is run and monopolized by the Spaniards friars. Spanish colonial period literary genres consist of Pasyon Cenaculo Tibag Carillo – shadow play Political essay Comedia Zarzuela Spanish revolutionary Papers El Heraldo de la revolusion La Republica Filipina La independencia La libertad La revolution During Spanish colonization Filipinos felt that they being harrashed by the Spaniards.Then the Birth of the Propaganda movement and la Solidaridad. T hen Filipino fought and introduce tagalong to be the language of revolution of the nationalist movement. Filipino Spanish literature Pedro Bukakeng – Lam ang Tomas Pinpin ( librong pa aaralan ng mga tagalong ng wikang kastilla ,1610 Gaspar Aquino de Belen   – Ang mahal na pasyon ni Jesus, Christong panginoon natin 1704 Pedro Paterno – Sampaguita, Ninay Dr.Jose Rizal – Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios Marcelo Del Pilar – Pag ibig sa tinubuang Lupa, Dasalan at tocsohan, kaiingat kayo Graciano Lopez Jaena – Fray Botod Franscico Baltazar – Florante at Laura Fr. Modesto de Castro – Urbanaat Feliza Emilio Jacinto – Liwanag sa Dilim Jose Palma – Himmo Nacional Filipino, De mi jardin Jose De la Cruz – Ibong Adarna Magdalena Jalandoni – Ang guitara, si Anabella, Ang mga tunok sang isa ka bulak

Deception in Criminal Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deception in Criminal Justice - Term Paper Example But we can assume that criminal investigation might have started from the period of Adam itself. In any case, one thing is clear that the deception tactics also started along with the criminal investigation. Crime punishment is one of the core elements of criminal justice system along with giving suitable crime prevention programs. Despite of the severe punishments associated with crimes, the criminal behavior seems to be increasing in the current world. In other words the severity of punishments is not influencing the criminals much. This is purely because of the loopholes in criminal justice system procedures for the criminals to escape from punishments. No criminal wants to be punished for their criminal activities and they will try all type of tactics to influence the Investigative, Interrogative and Testimonial Processes. The criminal justice system is malicious in most of the countries because of the over influence of criminals on the criminal justice system. Deception can main ly occur at three levels of the crime detecting and punishment process; criminal investigation, interrogation and the testimonial process. Investigation of the criminal activities is mainly conducted by the crime investigation agencies like police. In many cases, the criminals are more influential than the police officers. They might have influences at the top levels of the political and judicial systems which controls the criminal justice system. Sometimes instead of the criminal, the investigating police officer will get punishment because of the higher influences of the criminals. Morality and ethical values are rapidly disappearing from most of the segments of human life and human profession and criminal justice system is also not an exception. In short, police officers are also human beings and they are also living in this corrupted world. Criminals can influence the investigating officer using bribes and

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The intangible assets lumped in one account is also listed under the non-current assets. This account may represent the patents, trademarks, reputation, skilled management or well-trained labor force of the company. It should be noted that some accountants are averse to record this type of assets unless they can be promptly valued (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 1995). The liability section of the balance sheet, along with the shareholders' equity, shows the financial resources utilized for the procurement of assets (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 1995). Similar to assets, liabilities are also classified into current and non-current liabilities, obligations which are due in the short-term and long-term, respectively. Non-current liability accounts of WMT in the balance sheet include long-term debt and other non-current liabilities, which represent the WMT's loans from banks and investors which are not immediately due. Furthermore, deferred income tax is accounted for in the balance sheet. As the name suggests, this is the outstanding income tax due which will have to be paid to the government. This section also includes the account for minority interest which is the liability of the company to investors with non-controlling stake or interest over the company. On WMT's balance sheet as at end-2004 shown in MSN Money, only the commo